Researchers have confirmed a panel of red horizontal lines painted inside Bacon Hole cave on the Gower Peninsula as the oldest known rock art in the British Isles. First recorded in 1912 and dismissed in 1928 as natural staining, the panel was rediscovered in 2022 and analysed by an international team led by archaeologist George Nash. Uranium–thorium dating of a calcite crust overlying the pigment gives a minimum age of about 17,100 years before present (with a reported range circa 18,300–15,700 years). The pigment is hematite (iron oxide) and the panel — 10–11 equidistant red stripes, with associated finger dots and splashes — shows patterns consistent with deliberate human marking. The study, published in Quaternary, involved scholars from the universities of Liverpool, Southampton and Swansea, the First Art project, and support from National Trust Cymru and the Bradshaw Foundation. The site, under National Trust custodianship, already has a protective grill; archaeologists are calling for stronger monument protection. Authors caution the dating rests on limited samples and call for further study to refine ages and context.

NASA confirmed on June 3–4, 2026 that its Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) orbiter is no longer recoverable after losing contact following a pass behind Mars on Dec. 6, 2025. An anomaly review board concluded a fragment of telemetry captured by the Deep Space Network indicated the spacecraft emerged in safe mode and was rotating at an unusually high rate (about 2.7 revolutions per minute), which likely drained its batteries and left communications powerless. Launched in November 2013 and in orbit since September 2014, MAVEN exceeded its one‑year primary mission to collect 11 years of measurements of the upper atmosphere, auroras and atmospheric escape processes including sputtering. The agency has begun formal decommissioning and archiving of MAVEN’s dataset and will publish a final investigation report later in 2026. MAVEN’s relay duties for rovers will be handled by remaining orbiters — Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and European spacecraft — and the probe is expected to remain in orbit for decades before eventual decay.

A United Nations University report published 3 June 2026 warns that the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence could place severe strains on electricity, water and land. The UNU‑INWEH study projects that data centres powering AI could consume about 945 terawatt‑hours of electricity by 2030, require roughly 9.3 trillion litres of water (equivalent to the basic annual needs of 1.3 billion people in sub‑Saharan Africa) and occupy about 14,500 square kilometres of land. Inference—the day‑to‑day queries users send to deployed models—now accounts for an estimated 80–90% of AI energy use. The report cites examples such as ChatGPT processing some 2.5 billion prompts daily, using about 383 GWh a year. It warns that carbon‑focused metrics alone hide trade‑offs: moving to bioenergy can lower CO2 but greatly increase water and land footprints. Projected e‑waste could reach up to 2.5 million tonnes annually by 2030. UNU‑INWEH urges standardized environmental disclosure by AI firms, regulatory reporting, siting rules to protect water‑stressed regions, efficiency improvements, and behavioural changes by users (for example, shorter prompts or avoiding energy‑heavy image/video generation).

New research published June 3, 2026 in Nature shows that the waxed chambers where honeybee queens develop — not just royal jelly — play a critical role in queen formation. Scientists led by researchers at the University of California, Riverside and collaborators compared peanut‑shaped queen cells with ordinary worker comb in western (Apis mellifera) and eastern (Apis cerana) honeybees. They found queen‑cell wax is physically and chemically distinct: softer, less dense and containing different fatty acids and scent compounds. A previously unrecognized class of young “queen cell builder” workers appears specialized for constructing these nurseries, maintaining higher body temperatures and distinct gene expression while working. Experimental tests raised larvae on identical royal jelly but capped artificial cells with either queen or worker wax; larvae under worker wax suffered higher mortality and produced smaller queens. The team used thermal imaging, chemical and materials analyses, behavioral tracking and tracer experiments to show workers selectively gather and modify materials for royal cells. The findings suggest social niche construction — the hive’s built environment and attendant workers — actively engineers queen development, expanding understanding of insect caste determination.

Researchers at ETH Zurich have demonstrated a laboratory method to generate certifiably perfect randomness using two entangled superconducting qubits, publishing their results in Nature. The team, led by Renato Renner and Andreas Wallraff, linked two chips by a 30-metre supercooled microwave guide and performed more than a billion Bell-test trials over roughly nine hours. Starting from an imperfect random source to choose measurement settings, the experiment used entanglement and a randomness-amplification protocol to produce output bit sequences that the authors say are provably free of bias and device-independent. The setup operated at temperatures near absolute zero and is described as substantially lowering computational costs compared with software-based pseudo-random generators. The paper argues the output can serve as a physically certified reference for randomness, with possible applications in cryptographic key generation, secure digital identities, public randomness services for lotteries, and blockchain systems. The team cautions the approach is currently a networked, lab-scale technique best suited where nodes can access a dedicated server implementing the protocol.

China conducted the maiden flight of its Long March 12B rocket on June 1, 2026, sending multiple Qianfan (“Thousand Sails”) internet satellites into low Earth orbit. The two-stage, partially reusable vehicle — roughly 70–72 metres tall and visually similar to SpaceX’s Falcon 9 — reached orbit successfully but did not attempt a booster recovery on the first flight; officials said recovery tests will come later. State aerospace entities announced the launch after liftoff and, according to multiple reports, did not issue routine advance airspace or maritime notices ahead of the mission. The flight marks another step in China’s push to field commercial reusable launchers and rapidly expand a domestic megaconstellation to provide internet services and other orbital capabilities. Observers flagged concerns about transparency and safety for civil aviation, the potential for increased orbital congestion and debris, and the brightness of Qianfan satellites, which may affect astronomical observations.