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Amnesty International says new testimonies from North Korean escapees detail public executions, long forced-labour sentences and brutal punishment for consuming South Korean TV dramas and K-pop.
The rights group conducted 25 in-depth interviews in 2025 with people who fled between 2012 and mid-2020.
Interviewees named recent hits including Squid Game, Crash Landing on You and Descendants of the Sun, and K-pop acts such as BTS, as reasons for arrest or harsher penalties.
Witnesses described children being forced to attend executions, a system of bribery that spares wealthier families, and specialised enforcement units carrying out searches.
Amnesty cited North Korea’s 2020 Anti-Reactionary Thought and Culture Act, which criminalises South Korean content and prescribes five to 15 years’ forced labour for possession or viewing, with death or heavier penalties for distributing “large amounts” or organising group viewings.
Separate reporting by Radio Free Asia noted at least one execution in 2021 linked to distribution of Squid Game.
Despite risks, escapees said USB drives and smuggled devices keep South Korean media circulating inside the country.
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Reported executions have been documented by human‑rights researchers, but independent verification is often limited. At the same time, smuggled South Korean media is widely cited as eroding regime narratives, prompting both reporting caution and expectations of intensified crackdowns.




















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